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RESEARCH ARTICLE
From Bauer’s Critique to Marx’s Vision: Redefining Emancipation in “On the Jewish Question”
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1 Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Felsefe Bölümü 03200, Afyonkarahisar,
Türkiye
Received: 28 May 2025 | Published online: 27 September 2025
© 2025 by the Authors. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
Abstract
This study explores Karl Marx’s “On the Jewish Question,” positioning his arguments against Bruno Bauer as a broader critique of political emancipation’s inherent limitations. Marx argues political emancipation is insufficient; the state relegates social distinctions to the private sphere without resolving deeper social alienation from egoism and property. He contrasts this with “human emancipation,” a profound societal transformation to overcome alienation, private property, and class divisions, allowing genuine social self-realization. Marx’s critique ultimately targets capitalism’s commodity-centric nature.
Keywords
Karl Marx
Bruno Bauer
Jewish question
political emancipation
human emancipation.
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