This paper aims to define the nature of the existing correlation between the symbolism of speech and the fundamental issues related to the dialogic paradigm in the philosophy of the twentieth century. The concepts of the symbol and dialogue have been considered in the context of transformations in contemporary philosophical discourse. Special attention has been given to rethinking the transcendent potential of the symbol and symbolic structures within the framework of a discursively interpreted dialogue. The issues related to contemporary philosophical anthropology have been interpreted from a perspective of the symbolic as fundamental cognitive guidance. Such essential attributes of the symbol as a multi-panoramic character and transfiniteness have been proposed for consideration. The essential and functional aspects of speech symbolism have been examined in relation to the philosopheme of dialogue, specifically the symbols of time, space, stay, place, and meeting. The fundamental character of using the symbolic structures for a dialogical discourse has been emphasized, as well as its importance to the ongoing search for the basis of modern humanism in philosophy. The study used the methodology of historical and philosophical conceptual analysis, phenomenological and hermeneutical approaches.