AccScience Publishing / BIJP / Volume 11 / Issue 4 / DOI: 10.18491/beytulhikme.1703
Cite this article
29
Views
Related Info Links
More by Authors Links
Journal Browser
Volume | Year
Issue
Search
News and Announcements
View All
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Impact of Gender Differences on Individual Investor Behavior

Seema Rahman1 Zaki Rashidi2
Show Less
1 Indus University, SZABIST, Department of Management Sciences 75300, Karachi , Pakistan
2 Iqra National University, ORIC, Department of Business Administration 25000, Peshawar , Pakistan
BIJP 2021, 11(4), 1567–1593; https://doi.org/10.18491/beytulhikme.1703
Received: 1 February 2021 | Published online: 16 November 2021
© 2021 by the Authors. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
Abstract

The understanding of the causes of gender disparity between the ways of investment making is helpful not only to policymakers in designing fruitful strategies but also for brokers, dealers and financial players who play an integral role in financial market activities. The Gadamerian phenomenological hermeneutics approach is employed in this study to understand the factors that lead to differences in opinion regarding investment making decisions. Fourteen interviews have been conducted from seven males and seven females, all adults and Gadamer’s hermeneutic circle is applied for the fusion of interpretative perspectives. The results showed that men and women indeed invest differently and the socio-cultural traditions are dominant in shaping the two major themes of profitability and religiosity. Religiosity emerged as a new category in the context of our society and culture that had not been seen in the existing literature. Religion is considered the most important factor in shaping investment-making strategies of a specific class in Pakistan. Distinct differences are not only observed across genders but also across varied ethnic groups dwelling in the country.

Keywords
Gender disparity
phenomenological hermeneutics
Gadamer
hermeneutic circle
investor behavior.
References
  1. Adamopoulos, A. (2014). Information behaviour of online investors.
  2. Arch, E. (1993). Risk-taking: A motivational basis for sex differences. Psychological Reports, 3(73), 6-11.
  3. Bajtelsmit, V. L., & VanDerhei, J. L. (1997). Risk aversion and pension investment choices. Positioning pensions for the twenty-first century, 45(66).
  4. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. New York: General Learning Press.
  5. Barber, B. M., & Odean, T. (2001). Boys will be boys: Gender, overconfidence, and common stock investment. Quarterly journal of Economics, 261-292.
  6. Barber, B. (n.d) Retrieved from http://gsm.ucdavis.edu/blog-feature/gender-differences-investing.
  7. Bayyurt, N., Karisik, V., &Coskun, A. (2016). Gender differences in investment preferences. European Journal of Economic and political studies, 6(1), 71-83.
  8. Bem, L. S. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 88,354-364.
  9. Bertocchi G., Brunetti M., & Torricelli C. (2011). Marriage and other risky assets: a portfolio approach. Journal of Banking and Finance, 35, 2902-2915.
  10. Bucher-Koenen, T., Lusardi, A., Alessie, R., & van Rooij, M. (2014). How financially literate are women? An overview and new insights. National Bureau of Economic Research, (w20793). Retrieved from http://gflec.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/WP-2014-7-How-Financially-Literate-Are-Women.pdf.
  11. Byrnes, J. P., Miller, D. C., & Schafer, W. D. (1999). Gender differences in risk taking: A meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 125(3), 367.
  12. Croson, R., & Gneezy, U. (2009). Gender differences in preferences. Journal of Economic Literature, 47(2), 448-474.
  13. Cummings, W., & Venkatesan, M. (1976). Cognitive dissonance and consumer behavior: a review of the evidence. Journal of Marketing Research, 14(3), 303-308.
  14. Delavande, A., & Zafar, B. (2011). Gender discrimination and social identity: Experimental evidence from urban Pakistan. 
  15. Eckel, C. C., & Grossman, P. J. (2008). Differences in the economic decisions of men and women: Experimental evidence. Handbook of experimental economics results, 1, 509-519.
  16. Fleming, V., Gaidys, U. & Robb, Y. (2003). Hermeneutic research in nursing: Developing a Gadamerian-based research method. Journal of Nursing Inquiry, 10(2), 113-120.
  17. Francis, B., Hasan, I., Park, J.C., and Wu, Q. (2015). Gender differences in financial
  18.  reporting decision making: evidence from accounting conservatism. Contemporary Accounting Research, 32(3), 1285-1318.
  19. Gadamer, H. G. (1990). Wahrheit und Methode-Grundzügeeinerphilosophischen Hermeneutik. Tubingen: JCB Mohr (Paul Siebeck).
  20. Gadamer, H. G. (1993). Hermeneutik: Wahrheit und Methode. Erganzungen, Register. 2 (2),
  21. Mohr Siebeck. Garrison, S. T., & Gutter, M. S. (2010). Gender differences in financial socialization and willingness to take financial risks.Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 21(2), 60-72.
  22. Graham, J. F., Stendardi, E. J., Myers, J. K. & Graham, M. J. (2002). Gender differences in investment strategies: An information processing perspective. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 20(1), 17-26.
  23. Guba, E. G. (1981). Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries. ECTJ, 29(2), 75-91.
  24. Haris, M. (2018, April 2). Investment 101: basic guide to making money. The Express  Tribune. Hinz, R. P., McCarthy, D. D., & Turner, J. A. (1997). Are women conservative investors? Genderdifferences in participant-directed pension investments. Positioning pensions for the twenty-first century, 91, 103.
  25. Kaleem, A., Wajid, R. A., & Hussain, H. S. (2009). Factors affecting financial advisor’s perception in portfolio management: with reference to Pakistan. Oxford Business and Economics Conference Program, 24-26.
  26. Jawaheer, B., and Manual, V. (2016). Gender differences in investment decision making among the working class of Mauritius. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 2(9).
  27. Korniotis, G. M., & Kumar, A. (2011). Do older investors make better investment decisions? Review of Economics and Statistics, 93, 244-265.
  28. Kunnanatt, J. T., & Emiline, M. (2012). Investment strategies and gender: A study of emerging patterns in India. Journal of Gender Studies, 21(4), 345-363.
  29. Lemaster, P., & Strough, J. (2014). Beyond Mars and Venus: Understanding genderdifferences in financial risk tolerance. Journal of Economic Psychology, 42, 148-160.
  30. Loibl, C., & Hira, T. K. (2011). Know your subject: A gendered perspective on investor information search. Journal of Behavioral Finance, 12(3), 117-130.
  31. Lundeberg, M. A., Fox, P. W., & Punccohar, J. (1994). Highly confident but wrong: Gender differences and similarities in confidence judgments. Journal of educational psychology, 86(1), 114.
  32. Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. S. (2008). Planning and financial literacy: How do women fare? National Bureau of Economic Research, (w13750). Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.592.3418&rep=rep1&type=pdf.  
  33. Marszalek, B., Willows, G., &West, D. (2015). Invest like a woman: An analysis of investment performance in South Africa based on gender. Retrieved from https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/8572/thesis_com_2014_com_marszalek_b.pdf?sequence=1.
  34. Mishra, K. C., & Metilda, M. J. (2015). A study on the impact of investment experience, gender, and level of education on overconfidence and self-attribution bias. IIMB Management Review, 27(4), 228-239.
  35. Mohammadi, A., and Shafi, K. (2018). Gender differences in the contribution patterns of equity-crowd funding investors. Small Business Economics, 50(2), 275 - 287.
  36. Okech, T.C., and Mukoba, M.T. (2016). Analysis of gender differences in investment behavior among employees in Kenya's listed companies. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 4(5), 707 - 723.
  37. Pandey, P. (2014). A study of gender biasness in investment behavior of investor. Golden Research Thoughts, 3(11), 1.
  38. Sevak, P., Weir, D. R., & Willis, R. J. (2003). Perspectives: The economic consequences of a husband’s death: Evidence from the HRS and AHEAD. Social Security Bulletin, 65(3).
  39. Shafi, M. (2014). Determinants influencing individual investor behavior in stock market: A Crosscountry research survey. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 2(1).
  40. Shanmugsundaram, V., & Balakrishnan, V. (2011). Investment decisions - Influence of behavioural factors. Indian Journal of Finance, 5(9), 25 - 34.
  41. Sharma, M., & Vasakarla, V. (2013). An empirical study of gender differences in risk aversion and over confidence in investment decision making. International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management, 2(7), 497-504.
  42. Starr, M., & Tran, K. (2008). Determinants of the physical demand for gold: Evidence from panel data. The World Economy, 31(3), 416-436.
  43. Stendardi, E.J., Graham, J.F., and Reilly, M.O. (2006). The impact of gender on the personal financial planning process. Humanomics, 22(4), 223 - 238.
  44. Sultana, S. T., & Pardhasaradhi, S. (2012). An empirical analysis of factors influencing Indian individual equity investors’ decision making and behavior. European Journal of Business and Management, 4(18), 50 - 61.
  45. Tauni, M. Z., Fang, H. X., & Iqbal, A. (2016). Information sources and trading behavior: Does investor personality matter? Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, 8 (2), 94-117.
  46. West, A. (2015). A brief review of cognitive theories in gender development. Behavioural Sciences Undergraduate Journal, 2(1), 59-66.
  47. Willows, G., & West, D. (2015). Differential investment performance in South Africa based on gender and age. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 14(3).
  48. XueweiQiao (2012), Gender differences in saving and investing behaviors, degree thesis international business. Retrieved from https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/45099/Xuewei_Qiao.pdf?sequence.
Share
Back to top
Beytulhikme An International Journal of Philosophy, Print ISSN: 1303-8303, Published by AccScience Publishing